A Systematic Review for Reconfiguring Photovoltaic Arrays under Conditions of Partial Shading

Authors

  • Noor A. Kadhim Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
  • Adel A. Obed Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6402-8817
  • Ahmed J. Abid Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8212-0281
  • Ameer L. Saleh Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca18, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-736X
  • Reheel J. Hassoon Institute of Graduate Studies, Electrical and Computer Engineering, AltainbaŞ University, Mahmutbey Dilmenler Cad. No: 26 D.Blok 34217 Bağcılar, İstanbul, Turkey

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51173/eetj.v1i1.6

Keywords:

Partial Shading Conditions, PV Array Reconfiguration, Solar Energy Optimization, Adaptive PV Techniques, Dynamic and Static Reconfiguration

Abstract

In the rapid progress towards sustainable energy systems Photovoltaic (PV) systems are notably susceptible to power losses and gaining hotspots due to partial shading, a pervasive issue that significantly diminishes power output. This article presents a systematic review of more than seventy up-to-date relevant articles that are involved in PV array reconfiguration, and their strategic response to combat the detrimental effects of partial shading. These studies were meticulously chosen for their relevance to current PV array practices, their methodological robustness, and the reliability of their empirical or simulated results. The provided analysis is a multi-dimensional assessment of these methods, considering factors such as array size, complexity, execution speed, merits, demerits, acquired parameters, and alongside, validation methods employed. A significant finding from this review is the emerging preference for reconfiguration techniques that blend static and dynamic elements, particularly those employing meta-heuristic algorithms, over purely dynamic approaches. The article presents a comprehensive reference for and a lucid primer in the domain of PV array reconfigurations.

References

P. R. Satpathy, T. S. Babu, S. K. Shanmugam, L. N. Popavath, and H. H. Alhelou, "Impact of uneven shading by neighboring buildings and clouds on the conventional and hybrid configurations of roof-top PV arrays," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 139059-139073, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3118357.

P. N. Kuznetsov, V. V. Kuvshinov, H. A. Issa, H. J. Mohammed, and A. G. Al Barmani, "Investigation of the losses of photovoltaic solar systems during operation under partial shading," Journal of Applied Engineering Science, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 313-320, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes18-24460.

V. Gautam, S. Khatoon, and M. F. Jalil, "A Review on Various Mathematical Based Static Reconfiguration Strategies to Improve Generated Power under Partial Shading Conditions," in 2023 International Conference on Recent Advances in Electrical, Electronics & Digital Healthcare Technologies (REEDCON), 2023: IEEE, pp. 25-30, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/REEDCON57544.2023.10150794.

S. Anjum and V. Mukherjee, "Static and dynamic reconfiguration strategies for reducing partial shading effects in photovoltaic array: a comprehensive review," Energy Technology, vol. 10, no. 7, p. 2200098, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202200098.

A. M. Ajmal, T. S. Babu, V. K. Ramachandaramurthy, D. Yousri, and J. B. Ekanayake, "Static and dynamic reconfiguration approaches for mitigation of partial shading influence in photovoltaic arrays," Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 40, p. 100738, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2020.100738.

D. Sharma, M. F. Jalil, M. S. Ansari, and R. Bansal, "A review of PV array reconfiguration techniques for maximum power extraction under partial shading conditions," Optik, p. 170559, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2023.170559.

S. Hou and W. Zhu, "Dynamic Reconfiguration Method of Photovoltaic Array Based on Improved HPSO Combined with Coefficient of Variation," Electronics, vol. 12, no. 12, p. 2744, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12122744.

G. S. Krishna and T. Moger, "Reconfiguration strategies for reducing partial shading effects in photovoltaic arrays: State of the art," Solar Energy, vol. 182, pp. 429-452, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.02.057.

W. Zhou et al., "Metaphor-free dynamic spherical evolution for parameter estimation of photovoltaic modules," Energy Reports, vol. 7, pp. 5175-5202, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.041.

M. Ćalasan, S. H. A. Aleem, and A. F. Zobaa, "A new approach for parameters estimation of double and triple diode models of photovoltaic cells based on iterative Lambert W function," Solar Energy, vol. 218, pp. 392-412, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.02.038.

N. Shankar and N. Saravanakumar, "Solar photovoltaic module parameter estimation with an enhanced differential evolutionary algorithm using the manufacturer’s datasheet information," Optik, vol. 224, p. 165700, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165700.

F. Belhachat and C. Larbes, "PV array reconfiguration techniques for maximum power optimization under partial shading conditions: A review," Solar Energy, vol. 230, pp. 558-582, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.09.089.

N. A. Rajan, K. D. Shrikant, B. Dhanalakshmi, and N. Rajasekar, "Solar PV array reconfiguration using the concept of Standard deviation and Genetic Algorithm," Energy Procedia, vol. 117, pp. 1062-1069, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.229.

T. S. Babu, D. Yousri, and K. Balasubramanian, "Photovoltaic array reconfiguration system for maximizing the harvested power using population-based algorithms," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 109608-109624, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3000988.

A. Giyantara, R. B. Rizqullah, and Y. T. K. Priyanto, "Analysis of Partial shading Effect on Solar Panel Power Output," in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, vol. 1726, no. 1: IOP Publishing, p. 012022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1726/1/012022.

A. Mohapatra, B. Nayak, P. Das, and K. B. Mohanty, "A review on MPPT techniques of PV system under partial shading condition," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 80, pp. 854-867, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.083.

M. Balato, L. Costanzo, and M. Vitelli, "Series–Parallel PV array re-configuration: Maximization of the extraction of energy and much more," Applied energy, vol. 159, pp. 145-160, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.073.

K. Rajani and T. Ramesh, "Reconfiguration of PV arrays (TCT, BL, HC) considering wiring resistance," CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1408-1416, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2020.06930.

M. Mao, L. Cui, Q. Zhang, K. Guo, L. Zhou, and H. Huang, "Classification and summarization of solar photovoltaic MPPT techniques: A review based on traditional and intelligent control strategies," Energy Reports, vol. 6, pp. 1312-1327, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.05.013.

S. Shirzadi, H. Hizam, and N. I. A. Wahab, "Mismatch losses minimization in photovoltaic arrays by arranging modules applying a genetic algorithm," Solar energy, vol. 108, pp. 467-478, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.08.005.

M. Balato, L. Costanzo, and M. Vitelli, "Reconfiguration of PV modules: A tool to get the best compromise between maximization of the extracted power and minimization of localized heating phenomena," Solar Energy, vol. 138, pp. 105-118, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.09.011.

B. I. Rani, G. S. Ilango, and C. Nagamani, "Enhanced power generation from PV array under partial shading conditions by shade dispersion using Su Do Ku configuration," IEEE Transactions on sustainable energy, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 594-601, 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2012.2230033.

B. Dhanalakshmi and N. Rajasekar, "Dominance square based array reconfiguration scheme for power loss reduction in solar PhotoVoltaic (PV) systems," Energy conversion and management, vol. 156, pp. 84-102, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.10.080.

B. Dhanalakshmi and N. Rajasekar, "A novel competence square based PV array reconfiguration technique for solar PV maximum power extraction," Energy conversion and management, vol. 174, pp. 897-912, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.08.077.

S. Vijayalekshmy, G. Bindu, and S. R. Iyer, "Performance comparison of Zig-Zag and Su do Ku schemes in a partially shaded photo voltaic array under static shadow conditions," in 2017 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT), 2017: IEEE, pp. 1-6, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/IPACT.2017.8245109.

S. S. Reddy and C. Yammani, "A novel Magic-Square puzzle based one-time PV reconfiguration technique to mitigate mismatch power loss under various partial shading conditions," Optik, vol. 222, p. 165289, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165289.

S. Mikkili, A. Kanjune, P. K. Bonthagorla, and T. Senjyu, "Non-Symmetrical (NS) Reconfiguration Techniques to Enhance Power Generation Capability of Solar PV System," Energies, vol. 15, no. 6, p. 2124, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062124.

P. R. Satpathy, R. Sharma, and S. Dash, "An efficient SD-PAR technique for maximum power generation from modules of partially shaded PV arrays," Energy, vol. 175, pp. 182-194, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.078.

M. Palpandian, D. P. Winston, B. P. Kumar, C. S. Kumar, T. S. Babu, and H. H. Alhelou, "A new ken-ken puzzle pattern based reconfiguration technique for maximum power extraction in partial shaded solar PV array," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 65824-65837, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3076608.

M. S. S. Nihanth, J. P. Ram, D. S. Pillai, A. M. Ghias, A. Garg, and N. Rajasekar, "Enhanced power production in PV arrays using a new skyscraper puzzle based one-time reconfiguration procedure under partial shade conditions (PSCs)," Solar Energy, vol. 194, pp. 209-224, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.10.020.

L. Cristaldi et al., "Simplified method for evaluating the effects of dust and aging on photovoltaic panels," Measurement, vol. 54, pp. 207-214, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.03.001.

S. Malathy and R. Ramaprabha, "Comprehensive analysis on the role of array size and configuration on energy yield of photovoltaic systems under shaded conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 49, pp. 672-679, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.165.

G. Velasco-Quesada, F. Guinjoan-Gispert, R. Piqué-López, M. Román-Lumbreras, and A. Conesa-Roca, "Electrical PV array reconfiguration strategy for energy extraction improvement in grid-connected PV systems," IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 4319-4331, 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2009.2024664.

H. Braun et al., "Topology reconfiguration for optimization of photovoltaic array output," Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, vol. 6, pp. 58-69, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2016.01.003.

V. K. Yadav, A. D. Behera, R. Singh, A. Maheshwari, S. Ghosh, and A. Prakash, "A novel PV array reconfiguration technique based on circular array data structure," Energy, vol. 283, p. 128505, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128505.

P. d. S. Vicente, T. C. Pimenta, and E. R. Ribeiro, "Photovoltaic array reconfiguration strategy for maximization of energy production," International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2015, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/592383.

M. S. El-Dein, M. Kazerani, and M. Salama, "An optimal total cross tied interconnection for reducing mismatch losses in photovoltaic arrays," IEEE transactions on sustainable energy, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 99-107, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2012.2202325.

J. P. Storey, P. R. Wilson, and D. Bagnall, "Improved optimization strategy for irradiance equalization in dynamic photovoltaic arrays," IEEE transactions on power electronics, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 2946-2956, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2221481.

E. R. Sanseverino et al., "Dynamic programming and Munkres algorithm for optimal photovoltaic arrays reconfiguration," Solar Energy, vol. 122, pp. 347-358, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.09.016.

M. Jazayeri, K. Jazayeri, and S. Uysal, "Adaptive photovoltaic array reconfiguration based on real cloud patterns to mitigate effects of non-uniform spatial irradiance profiles," Solar Energy, vol. 155, pp. 506-516, 2017.

M. Matam and V. R. Barry, "Improved performance of dynamic photovoltaic array under repeating shade conditions," Energy conversion and management, vol. 168, pp. 639-650, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.008.

D. Nguyen and B. Lehman, "An adaptive solar photovoltaic array using model-based reconfiguration algorithm," IEEE Transactions on industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2644-2654, 2008, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2008.924169.

K. Ş. Parlak, "PV array reconfiguration method under partial shading conditions," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 63, pp. 713-721, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJEPES.2014.06.042.

Y. Mahmoud and E. F. El-Saadany, "Enhanced reconfiguration method for reducing mismatch losses in PV systems," IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1746-1754, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2017.2752708.

Z. Cheng, Z. Pang, Y. Liu, and P. Xue, "An adaptive solar photovoltaic array reconfiguration method based on fuzzy control," in 2010 8th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, 2010: IEEE, pp. 176-181, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/WCICA.2010.5553911.

M. Karakose, M. Baygin, and K. S. Parlak, "A new real-time reconfiguration approach based on neural network in partial shading for PV arrays," in 2014 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Application (ICRERA), 2014: IEEE, pp. 633-637, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2014.7016462.

G. Mostafaee and R. Ghandehari, "Power enhancement of photovoltaic arrays under partial shading conditions by a new dynamic reconfiguration method," Journal of energy management and technology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 46-51, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.22109/jemt.2019.150205.1126.

T. S. Babu, J. P. Ram, T. Dragičević, M. Miyatake, F. Blaabjerg, and N. Rajasekar, "Particle swarm optimization based solar PV array reconfiguration of the maximum power extraction under partial shading conditions," IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 74-85, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2017.2714905.

A. Fathy, "Recent meta-heuristic grasshopper optimization algorithm for optimal reconfiguration of partially shaded PV array," Solar Energy, vol. 171, pp. 638-651, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.07.014.

D. Yousri, D. Allam, and M. B. Eteiba, "Optimal photovoltaic array reconfiguration for alleviating the partial shading influence based on a modified harris hawks optimizer," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 206, p. 112470, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112470.

S. Mikkili, K. A. Bapurao, and P. K. Bonthagorla, "Sudoku and Optimal Sudoku Reconfiguration Techniques for Power Enhancement of Partial Shaded Solar PV system," Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 1793-1807, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-022-00760-4.

X. Zhang et al., "A swarm based double Q-learning for optimal PV array reconfiguration with a coordinated control of hydrogen energy storage system," Energy, vol. 266, p. 126483, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.126483.

A. M. Ajmal, V. K. Ramachandaramurthy, A. Naderipour, and J. B. Ekanayake, "Comparative analysis of two-step GA-based PV array reconfiguration technique and other reconfiguration techniques," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 230, p. 113806, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113806.

O. Güngör and H. Kahveci, "Novel PV Array Reconfiguration and Integration with a Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm: RMPPT," Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, pp. 1-17, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08128-6.

S. Li, T. Zhang, and J. Yu, "Photovoltaic Array Dynamic Reconfiguration Based on an Improved Pelican Optimization Algorithm," Electronics, vol. 12, no. 15, p. 3317, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12153317.

M. Alanazi, A. Fathy, D. Yousri, and H. Rezk, "Optimal reconfiguration of shaded PV based system using African vultures optimization approach," Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 12159-12185, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.06.009.

H. Rezk, A. Fathy, and M. Aly, "A robust photovoltaic array reconfiguration strategy based on coyote optimization algorithm for enhancing the extracted power under partial shadow condition," Energy Reports, vol. 7, pp. 109-124, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.035.

X. Zhang, D. Meng, W. Li, T. Yu, Z. Fan, and Z. Hao, "Evolutionary based Pareto optimization algorithms for bi-objective PV array reconfiguration under partial shading conditions," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 271, p. 116308, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116308.

S. Sharma et al., "Performance enhancement of PV system configurations under partial shading conditions using MS method," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 56630-56644, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3071340.

A. M. Nassef, E. H. Houssein, B. E.-d. Helmy, A. Fathy, M. L. Alghaythi, and H. Rezk, "Optimal reconfiguration strategy based on modified Runge Kutta optimizer to mitigate partial shading condition in photovoltaic systems," Energy Reports, vol. 8, pp. 7242-7262, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.05.231.

C. Shao, A. Migan-Dubois, and D. Diallo, "Performance of PV array configurations under dynamic partial shadings," EPJ Photovoltaics, vol. 14, p. 21, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2023012.

D. C. Huynh, L. D. Ho, M. W. Dunnigan, and C. Barbalata, "Solar Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration for Optimizing Harvested Power Using an Advanced Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm," in 2023 International Conference on System Science and Engineering (ICSSE), 2023: IEEE, pp. 406-411, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSSE58758.2023.10227209.

R. Dhariwal and B. Kumar, "A Comparative Study on Metaheuristic-Based Reconfiguration Strategies for Non-uniformly Shaded PV Array," in International Conference on Signals, Machines, and Automation, 2022: Springer, pp. 165-173, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0969-8_17.

T. Nguyen-Duc, D. Nguyen-Dang, T. Le-Viet, and G. Fujita, "Continuous Reconfiguration Framework for Photovoltaic Array under Variable Partial Shading Conditions: Heuristic-Based Algorithms with Optimizing Switching Operation," Energies, vol. 15, no. 18, p. 6821, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186821.

R. K. Pachauri, M. K. Pardhe, A. F. Minai, V. Pandey, and A. Raj, "Butterfly Optimization Algorithm for PV Array Reconfiguration to Achieve Higher GMP during PSCs," in 2022 2nd International Conference on Emerging Frontiers in Electrical and Electronic Technologies (ICEFEET), 2022: IEEE, pp. 1-6, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEFEET51821.2022.9847673.

L. Bouselham, A. Rabhi, B. Hajji, and A. Mellit, "Photovoltaic array reconfiguration method based on fuzzy logic and recursive least squares: An experimental validation," Energy, vol. 232, p. 121107, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121107.

A. Loukriz et al., "A New Simplified Algorithm for Real-Time Power Optimization of TCT Interconnected PV Array under Any Mismatch Conditions," Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés, vol. 54, no. 6, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.540602.

B. Yang et al., "Adaptive evolutionary jellyfish search algorithm based optimal photovoltaic array reconfiguration under partial shading condition for maximum power extraction," Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 215, p. 119325, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.119325.

A. Fathy, D. Yousri, T. S. Babu, H. Rezk, and H. S. Ramadan, "An enhanced reconfiguration approach for mitigating the shading effect on photovoltaic array using honey badger algorithm," Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 57, p. 103179, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103179.

V. Narayanaswamy, R. Ayyanar, C. Tepedelenlioglu, D. Srinivasan, and A. Spanias, "Optimizing Solar Power Using Array Topology Reconfiguration With Regularized Deep Neural Networks," IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 7461-7470, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3238400.

V. Mohanapriya and B. Sharmila, "Optimum PV reconfiguration approach based on SOA for improving the harvest power under PS situations," Electrical Engineering, pp. 1-21, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-023-02006-y.

X. Gao et al., "Divide and Conquer Q-Learning (DCQL) algorithm based Photovoltaic (PV) array reconfiguration scheme for alleviating the partial shading influence," Solar Energy, vol. 249, pp. 21-39, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2022.09.005.

D. Li, H. Zhou, Y. Zhou, Y. Rao, and W. Yao, "Atom Search Optimization-Based PV Array Reconfiguration Technique under Partial Shading Condition," International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 2023, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8685976.

D. Yousri, S. B. Thanikanti, K. Balasubramanian, A. Osama, and A. Fathy, "Multi-objective grey wolf optimizer for optimal design of switching matrix for shaded PV array dynamic reconfiguration," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 159931-159946, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3018722.

Structure of reconfiguration technique

Downloads

Published

2024-06-30

How to Cite

Noor A. Kadhim, Adel A. Obed, Ahmed J. Abid, Ameer L. Saleh, & Reheel J. Hassoon. (2024). A Systematic Review for Reconfiguring Photovoltaic Arrays under Conditions of Partial Shading. Electrical Engineering Technical Journal, 1(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.51173/eetj.v1i1.6

Issue

Section

Engineering